The International Research Journal of Economics and Finance (IRJEF) was established by the International Research Journal Publishers to provide a platform for researchers, academics, and practitioners to share original and peer-reviewed research in the fields of Economics and Finance. The journal has been published online since its inception and continues to grow its readership and contributor base across Africa and beyond. IRJEF is committed to maintaining high standards of academic integrity, open access publishing, and the dissemination of quality research.